H&R Fahrwerkskomponenten -Industriefedern / Zugfedern

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Find more information about ring shapes and ring positions here.

Symbol	Unit	Designation
D	mm	Mean winding diameter
De	mm	Outer winding diameter
Di	mm	Inner winding diameter
d	mm	Wire diameter
E	N/mm²	Modulus of elasticity
F	N	Spring power (preloaded)
Fn	N	Spring power as a function of the spring length Ln (static load)
G	N/mm²	Shear modulus
k	-	Tension coefficient
L	mm	Spring length
L0	mm	Length of unloaded spring
LH	mm	Height of end ring
LK	mm	Length of spring body
Ln	mm	Permissible spring length as a function of spring power Fn
M	g	Weight of spring
m	mm	Width of end ring opening
N	-	Number of load cycles
n	-	Number of effective windings
R	N/mm	Spring rate
Rm	N/mm²	Minimum tensile strength
s	mm	Spring path
sh	mm	Stroke (working travel)
sn	mm	Spring path as a function of the spring power Fn
W	Nmm	Spring work capacity
w=D/d	-	Winding ratio
p	kg/dm³	Density
T	N/mm²	Shear strain ignoring the influence of wire bending
To	N/mm²	Inner shear strain as a function of the inner preloading F0
Tk	N/mm²	Corrected shear strain taking account of the influence of wire bending
Tn	N/mm²	Shear strain as a function of spring power Fn
Tzul	N/mm²	Permissible shear strain